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Did Ha and Her Family Gave Up Their Vietnamese Religion

Ditulis Rabu, 02 Maret 2022 Tulis Komentar Edit

Religion in Vietnam

Organized religion in Vietnam (2018)[1]

 Others (0.ii%)

Gautama Buddha at Long Sơn Temple, Nha Trang.

The majority of Vietnamese do not follow any organized religion, instead participating in one or more practices of folk religions, such every bit venerating ancestors, or praying to deities, specially during Tết and other festivals. Folk religions were founded on endemic cultural behavior that were historically affected by Confucianism and Taoism from China, too as by various strands of Buddhism. These three teachings or tam giáo were afterward joined by Christianity which has become a significant presence. Vietnam is besides abode of 2 indigenous religions: syncretic Caodaism and quasi-Buddhist Hoahaoism.

According to estimates by the Pew Enquiry Center in 2010, virtually of the Vietnamese people good (exclusively) folk religions (45.3%). 16.4% of the population were Buddhists, viii.two% were Christians, and most xxx% were unaffiliated to any religion.[2] Officially, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is an atheist state, as declared by its communist government.[3]

According to statistics from the Government Committee for Religious Affairs, as of 2018, Buddhists business relationship for 14.9% of the full population, Christians 8.5% (Catholics 7.4% & Protestants 1.1%), Hoahao Buddhists 1.5%, and Caodaism followers i.two%.[1] Other religions include Hinduism, Islam, and Baháʼí Faith, representing less than 0.ii% of the population. Folk religions (worship of ancestors, gods and goddesses), not included in government statistics, take experienced revival since the 1980s.[4]

Overview [edit]

Although co-ordinate to a 1999 demography almost Vietnamese list themselves as having no religious affiliation,[5] faith, as divers by shared beliefs and practices, remains an integral role of Vietnamese life,[6] dictating the social behaviours and spiritual practices of Vietnamese individuals in Vietnam and abroad. The triple faith (Vietnamese: tam giáo), referring to the syncretic combination of Mahayana Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism, and Vietnamese folk organized religion (often assimilated), remain a strong influence on the beliefs and practices of the Vietnamese, even if the levels of formal membership in these religious communities may not reflect that influence. One of the most notable and universal spiritual practices common to Vietnamese is ancestor veneration. It is considered an expression of hiếu thảo (filial piety), a key virtue to maintain a harmonious guild.[7] Regardless of formal religious affiliation, information technology is very common to have an altar in the home and business where prayers are offered to their ancestors. These offerings and practices are done frequently during of import traditional or religious celebrations (e.g., death anniversaries), the starting of a new business, or fifty-fifty when a family fellow member needs guidance or counsel. Conventionalities in ghosts and spirits is very common; many believe that the traditions are of import links to culture and history and are enjoyable, while others believe that failing to perform the proper rituals for one's ancestors volition literally crusade them to become hungry ghosts (Vietnamese: ma đói).[nb one]

A 2002 Pew Research Center report claimed that 24% of the population of Vietnam view organized religion every bit "very important".[8]

Statistics [edit]

Varied sources indicate very different statistics of religious groups in Vietnam
Religious
group 		% Population
2009 [9] 		% Population
2010 [ten] 		% Population
2014 [eleven] 		% Population
2018[1] 		% Population
2019[12]
Vietnamese folk religion,
and non-religion/atheism 		81.6% 45.3%
29.6%		 73.one% 73.52% 86.32%
Buddhism vii.nine% 16.4% 12.2% 14.91% 4.79%
Christianity vii.five%

six.six%
0.9%

eight.2%

n/a
north/a

8.4%

six.9%
1.5%

8.44%

7.35%
ane.09%

7.10%

half-dozen.10%
1.00%

Catholicism
Protestantism
Hoahaoism 1.6% n/a 1.4% 1.47% 1.02%
Caodaism 1.0% n/a 4.8% ane.sixteen% 0.58%
Other religions 0.2% 0.five% 0.1% 0.fifty% 0.19%

Statistics controversy [edit]

Government statistics of the organized religion in Vietnam, are counts of members of religious organization recognized by the authorities.[12] Hence, this does not include people practicing folk religion, which is non recognized by government. Also, many people practice religion such as Buddhism without taking any membership of specific government arrangement. Official statistics from the 2019 Census, also not categorizing folk religion, indicates that Catholicism is the largest (organized) organized religion in Vietnam, surpassing Buddhism. While another surveys reported 45-50 millions Buddhist living in Vietnam, the government statistics counts for half dozen.8 millions.[13] It is the Buddhist Sangha of Vietnam, nevertheless, does non reports official statistics on its adherents. The great gaps in statistics on the number of Buddhist adherents is due to disagreement on the very criteria of what found a Buddhist.[fourteen]

History [edit]

The primeval forms of Vietnamese religious exercise were animistic and totemic in nature.[15] The decorations on Dong Son statuary drums, mostly agreed to have ceremonial and possibly religious value,[nb 2] depict the figures of birds, leading historians to believe birds were objects of worship for the early Vietnamese. Dragons were another often recurring figure in Vietnamese art, arising from the veneration of Lạc Long Quân, a mythical dragon-king who is said to exist the father of the Vietnamese people. The Gold Turtle God Kim Quy was said to announced to kings in times of crunch, notably to Lê Lợi, from whom he took the legendary sword Thuận Thiên later on it had been dropped into Hoan Kiem Lake. Contact with Chinese civilization, and the introduction of the triple faith of Buddhism, Confucianism and Daoism, added a further ethical and moral dimension to the indigenous Vietnamese religion.[15] A recent inquiry using folkloristic computations has provided evidence on the beingness of "cultural additivity" by examining the interaction of Buddhism, Confucianism and Daoism throughout the history of Vietnam.[16]

Folk religions [edit]

Scholars such every bit Toan Ánh (Tín ngưỡng Việt Nam 1991) have listed a resurgence in traditional conventionalities in many local, village-level, spirits.[17]

Đạo Mẫu [edit]

A lên đồng practitioner performs in a temple.

Đạo Mẫu is a distinct class of Vietnamese folk faith, it is the worship of mother goddesses in Vietnam. In that location are singled-out behavior and practices in this religion including the worship of goddesses such as Thiên Y A Na, The Lady of the Realm (Bà Chúa Xứ), The Lady of the Storehouse (Bà Chúa Kho) and Princess Liễu Hạnh (ane), legendary figures like Âu Cơ, the Trung Sisters (Hai Bà Trưng), Lady Trieu (Bà Triệu), and the cult of the 4 Palaces. Đạo Mẫu is commonly associated with spirit mediumship rituals—known in Vietnam equally lên đồng. It is a ritual in which followers become spirit mediums for various deities. The Communist government used to append the practise of lên đồng due to its superstition, merely in 1987, the government legalized this practice.

Đạo Dừa [edit]

Ông Đạo Dừa (1909-1990) created the Coconut Religion (Vietnamese: Đạo Dừa or Hòa đồng Tôn giáo), a syncretic Buddhist, Christian and local Vietnamese religion which at its peak had 4,000 followers, before it was banned. Its adherents ate coconut and drank coconut milk. In 1975 the Reunited Vietnam authorities forced this religion to get underground.

Buddhism [edit]

Vietnamese daughter in Áo dài offering incense

Vietnam was conventionally considered to be a Buddhist country.[xviii] Buddhism came to Vietnam as early on as the second century Advertisement through the North from Red china and via Southern routes from India.[19] Mahayana Buddhism first spread from India via ocean to Vietnam effectually 100 Advertizing.[20] During the 15th and 16th centuries, Theravāda became established as the state religion in Kingdom of cambodia and as well spread to Cambodians living in the Mekong Delta, replaced Mahayana.[21] Buddhism as practiced past the ethnic Vietnamese is mainly of the Mahayana schoolhouse, although some indigenous minorities (such as the Central khmer Krom in the southern Delta region of Vietnam) adhere to the Theravada school.[22]

Today, more than than half of the Vietnamese population, consider themselves every bit adherents of Mahayana Buddhism. Theravada and Hòa Hảo Buddhism are as well present in meaning numbers.[18] Buddhist do in Vietnam differs from that of other Asian countries, and does not incorporate the same institutional structures, hierarchy, or sanghas that be in other traditional Buddhist settings. It has instead grown from a symbiotic relationship with Taoism, Chinese spirituality, and the indigenous Vietnamese faith, with the majority of Buddhist practitioners focusing on devotional rituals rather than meditation.[23]

Thiền tông [edit]

Zen Buddhism arrived in Vietnam as early as the 6th century CE, with the works of Vinītaruci.[24] Information technology flourished under the Lý and Trần dynasties. Trúc Lâm Zen is the only native school of Buddhism in Vietnam.

Pure Land [edit]

Pure Land Buddhism is a broad co-operative of Mahayana Buddhism and is said to be one of the nigh popular schools of Buddhism in Vietnam, in which practitioners commonly recite sutras, chants and dharanis looking to gain protection from bodhisattvas or Dharma-Protectors.[25] While Pure Land traditions, practices and concepts are constitute within Mahayana cosmology, and form an important component of Buddhist traditions in Vietnam, Pure Land Buddhism was non independently recognized every bit a sect of Buddhism (equally Pure Land schools accept been recognized, for instance, in Japan) until 2007, with the official recognition of the Vietnamese Pure Land Buddhism Association as an independent and legal religious organization.[26]

Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương [edit]

Hòa Hảo [edit]

Hòa Hảo is a religious tradition, based on Buddhism, founded in 1939 past Huỳnh Phú Sổ, a native of the Mekong Delta region of southern Vietnam. Adherents consider Sổ to exist a prophet, and Hòa Hảo a continuation of a 19th-century Buddhist ministry known every bit Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương ("Foreign Perfume from Precious Mountains", referring to the Thất Sơn range on the Vietnam-Cambodia border). The founders of these traditions are regarded by Hòa Hảo followers as living Buddhas—destined to save mankind from suffering and to protect the Vietnamese nation. An of import characteristic of Hòa Hảo is its accent on peasant farmers, exemplified by the former slogan "Practicing Buddhism While Farming Your Land." Hòa Hảo besides stresses the practice of Buddhism past lay people in the home, rather than focusing primarily on temple worship and ordination. Help to the poor is favored over pagoda building or expensive rituals.

Today, every bit an officially recognized religion, it claims approximately two 1000000 followers throughout Vietnam; in certain parts of the Mekong Delta, every bit many as 90 percent of the population of this region practice this tradition. Since many of the teachings of Huỳnh Phú Sổ related in some mode to Vietnamese nationalism, adherence to Hòa Hảo exterior of Vietnam has been minimal, with a largely quiescent grouping of followers presumed to be among the Vietnamese diaspora in the U.s.a..

Tứ Ân Hiếu Nghĩa [edit]

Tứ Ân Hiếu Nghĩa ("Four Debts of Gratitude"), a Buddhist sect based in An Giang Province, is one of the most recently registered religions in Vietnam. Information technology is based on the teachings of Ngô Lợi (1831–1890). Official government statistics report that Tứ Ân Hiếu Nghĩa claimed over 70,000 registered followers and 476 religious leaders equally of 2005, centred in 76 places of worship spread across fourteen provinces, mainly in Southern Vietnam.[27] [28] half dozen:Minh Sư Đạo is a sect that is related to Cao Đài.[29]

Christianity [edit]

Catholicism [edit]

By far the most widespread Christian denomination in Vietnam, Roman Catholicism first entered the state through Portuguese and Spanish missionaries in the 16th century, although these earliest missions did not bring very impressive results. Only after the arrival of Jesuits, who were mainly Italians, Portuguese, and Japanese, in the first decades of the 17th century did Christianity begin to found its positions inside the local populations in both domains of Đàng Ngoài (Tonkin) and Đàng Trong (Cochinchina).[30] 2 priests Francesco Buzomi and Diogo Carvalho established the first Catholic community in Hội An in 1615. Between 1627 and 1630, Avignonese Alexandre de Rhodes and Portuguese Pero Marques converted more than six,000 people in Tonkin.[31]

17th-century Jesuit missionaries including Francisco de Pina, Gaspar do Amaral, Antonio Barbosa, and de Rhodes developed an alphabet for the Vietnamese language, using the Latin script with added diacritic marks.[32] This writing system continues to be used today, and is called chữ Quốc ngữ (literally "national language script"). Meanwhile, the traditional chữ Nôm, in which Girolamo Maiorica was an adept, was the main script conveying Catholic faith to Vietnamese until the belatedly 19th century.[33]

Since the late 17th century, French missionaries of the Strange Missions Club and Spanish missionaries of the Dominican Order were gradually taking the function of evangelisation in Vietnam. Other missionaries active in pre-mod Vietnam were Franciscans (in Cochinchina), Italian Dominicans & Discalced Augustinians (in Eastern Tonkin), and those sent by the Propaganda Fide. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Catholicism successfully integrated into Vietnamese society and civilisation.[34]

The French missionary priest Pigneau de Behaine played a part in Vietnamese history towards the end of the 18th century by befriending Nguyễn Ánh, the about senior of the ruling Nguyễn lords to accept escaped the rebellion of the Tây Sơn brothers in 1777.[35] Condign Nguyễn Ánh'south loyal confidant, benefactor and armed forces advisor during his time of demand,[36] he was able to gain a groovy deal of favor for the Church building. During Nguyễn Ánh's subsequent dominion as Emperor Gia Long, the Cosmic faith was permitted unimpeded missionary activities out of his respect to his benefactors.[37] By the time of the Emperor's accession in 1802, Vietnam had iii Catholic dioceses with 320,000 members and over 120 Vietnamese priests.[38]

The Catholic Church in Vietnam today consists of 27 dioceses organized in 3 ecclesiastical provinces of Hanoï, Hue and Saïgon. The government census of 2019 shows that Catholicism, for the first time, is the largest religious denomination in Vietnam, surpassing Buddhism.[13] Ecclesiastical sources report in that location are most 7 million Catholics, representing 7.0% of the total population.[39]

Protestantism [edit]

Protestantism was introduced to Da Nang in 1911 past a Canadian missionary named Robert A. Jaffray; over the years, he was followed by more than than 100 missionaries, members of the Christian and Missionary Alliance, an Evangelical Protestant denomination. The 2 officially recognized Protestant organizations recognized by the authorities are the Southern Evangelical Church of Vietnam (SECV), recognized in 2001, and the smaller Evangelical Church building of Vietnam North (ECVN), recognized since 1963.[forty]

Nowadays estimates of the number of Protestants range from the official government figure of 500,000 to claims by churches of ane million. Growth has been most pronounced amid members of minority peoples (Montagnards) such equally the Hmong, Ede, Jarai, and Bahnar, with internal estimates challenge two-thirds of all Protestants in Vietnam are members of ethnic minorities.[41] By some estimates, the growth of Protestant believers in Vietnam has been as much as 600 percentage over the past ten years. Some of the new converts belong to unregistered evangelical house churches, whose followers are said to total nigh 200,000.[41]

Baptist and Mennonite movements were officially recognized by Hanoi in October, 2007, which was seen as a notable improvement in the level of religious liberty enjoyed by Vietnamese Protestants.[42] Similarly, in October 2009, the Assemblies of God move received official government permission to operate, which is the first footstep to becoming a legal organization.[43]

The Assemblies of God were said to consist of around 40,000 followers in 2009,[43] the Baptist Church around 18,400 followers with 500 ministers in 2007,[42] and The Mennonite Church effectually 10,000 followers.

Eastern Orthodoxy [edit]

For Orthodox Christianity, the Russian Orthodox Church building is represented in Vũng Tàu, Vietnam, mainly among the Russian-speaking employees of the Russian-Vietnamese articulation venture "Vietsovpetro". The parish is named after Our Lady of Kazan icon was opened in 2002 with the blessing of the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church, which had been given in Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra. The representatives of the strange relations section of the Russian Orthodox Church come up to Vũng Tàu from time to time to conduct the Orthodox divine service.[44] There are also two recently organized parishes in Hanoi and Hochiminh Metropolis.

Vietnam is also mentioned as territory under the jurisdiction of the Metropolitanate of Hong Kong and Southeast Asia (Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople), though there is no information on its organized activities there.

Jehovah's Witnesses [edit]

Jehovah's Witnesses established their permanent presence in Saigon in 1957.[45] As of 2019, Jehovah's Witnesses are a target of regime oppression in Vietnam.[46]

Latter-twenty-four hours Saints [edit]

On May 31, 2016, leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) met with Vietnamese officials. The Government Commission for Religious Diplomacy officially recognized the church'south representative committee.[47] Congregations currently come across in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City.

Cao Đài [edit]

Cao Đài is a relatively new, syncretist, monotheistic faith, officially established in the city of Tây Ninh, southern Vietnam, in 1926. The term Cao Đài literally means "highest tower", or figuratively, the highest identify where God reigns. Cao Đài's first disciples, Ngô Văn Chiêu, Cao Quỳnh Cư, Phạm Công Tắc and Cao Hoài Sang, claimed to accept received direct communications from God, who gave them explicit instructions for establishing a new organized religion that would embark the Third Era of Religious Amnesty. Adherents engage in ethical practices such as prayer, veneration of ancestors, nonviolence, and vegetarianism with the minimum goal of rejoining God the Begetter in Sky and the ultimate goal of freedom from the cycle of nascence and death.

Official government records counted 2.ii million registered members of Tây Ninh Cao Đài in 2005, merely also estimated in 2007 that there were three.2 million Caodaists including roughly a dozen other denominations.[48] According to the official statistics, in 2014, the estimated number of Caodaists is 4.4 million, it was a dramatic increase of 1.ii 1000000 followers or an increase of 37.five%. Country Information and Guidance — Vietnam: Religious minority groups. December 2014. Quoting United Nations' "Press Statement on the visit to the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam by the Special Rapporteur on liberty of religion or belief". Information technology is more likely that "unofficial" Caodaists have decided that it is at present acceptable to identify themselves as followers of the religion in the last 7 years. Many outside sources requite four to half-dozen meg. Some estimates are as high every bit eight 1000000 adherents in Vietnam. An boosted 30,000 (numbers may vary) (primarily ethnic Vietnamese) alive in the United States, Europe, and Australia.

Hinduism [edit]

Adherence to Hinduism in Vietnam is associated with the Cham ethnic minority; the kickoff religion of the Champa kingdom was a course of Shaivite Hinduism, brought by sea from India. The Cham people erected Hindu temples (Bimong) throughout Fundamental Vietnam, many of which are still in utilize today; the now-abandoned Mỹ Sơn, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is perhaps the virtually well-known of Cham temple complexes.

Approximately 50,000 ethnic Cham in the south-primal coastal area practice a devotional course of Hinduism. Nigh of the Cham Hindus vest to the Nagavamshi Kshatriya caste,[49] but a considerable minority are Brahmins.[l] Another 4,000 Hindus (mostly Tamil, and otherwise of Cham or mixed Indian-Vietnamese descent) live in Ho Chi Minh City, where the Mariamman Temple acts as a focal indicate for the community. In Ninh Thuận Province, where near of the Cham in Vietnam reside, Cham Balamon (Hindu Cham) numbers 32,000; out of the 22 villages in Ninh Thuận, fifteen are Hindu.

As per the census of 2009, there are a total of 56,427 Cham Hindus in Vietnam. Out of this number, 40,695 are in Ninh Thuận, and another xv,094 are in Bình Thuận.[51]

Islam [edit]

Much like Hinduism, adherence to Islam in Vietnam is primarily associated with the Cham ethnic minority, although there is besides a Muslim population of mixed ethnic origins, besides known as Cham, or Cham Muslims, in the southwest (Mekong Delta) of the country. Islam is assumed to have come to Vietnam much after its inflow in China during the Tang Dynasty (618–907), through contact with Arab traders. The number of followers began to increase as contacts with Sultanate of Malacca broadened in the wake of the 1471 collapse of the Champa Kingdom, simply Islam would not get widespread amidst the Cham until the mid-17th century. In the mid-19th century, many Muslims Chams emigrated from Cambodia and settled in the Mekong Delta region, further bolstering the presence of Islam in Vietnam.

Vietnam'southward Muslims remained relatively isolated from the mainstream of world Islam, and their isolation, combined with the lack of religious schools, acquired the practice of Islam in Vietnam to become syncretic. Although the Chams follow a localised adaptation of Islamic theology, they consider themselves Muslims. Still, they pray only on Fridays and celebrate Ramadan for only iii days. Circumcision is performed not physically, only symbolically, with a religious leader making the gestures of circumcision with a wooden toy knife.[52]

Vietnam'southward largest mosque was opened in Jan 2006 in Xuân Lộc, Đồng Nai Province; its construction was partially funded by donations from Saudi arabia.[53]

A 2005 census counted over 66,000 Muslims in Vietnam, up from 63,000 in 1999.[27] [54] Over 77% lived in the Southeast Region, with 34% in Ninh Thuận Province, 24% in Bình Thuận Province, and ix% in Ho Chi Minh Urban center; some other 22% lived in the Mekong Delta region, primarily in An Giang Province. In Ninh Thuận Province, where most of the Cham in Vietnam reside, Cham Bani (Muslim Cham) number close to 22,000. Out of the 22 villages in Ninh Thuận, 7 are Muslim.[55]

The Cham in Vietnam are simply recognized as a minority, and not as an indigenous people by the Vietnamese government despite being indigenous to the region. Both Hindu and Muslim Chams have experienced religious and ethnic persecution and restrictions on their faith under the current Vietnamese government, with the Vietnamese state confisicating Cham property and forbidding Cham from observing their religious behavior. Hindu temples were turned into tourist sites against the wishes of the Cham Hindus. In 2010 and 2013 several incidents occurred in Thành Tín and Phươc Nhơn villages where Cham were murdered by Vietnamese. In 2012, Vietnamese police in Chau Giang village stormed into a Cham Mosque, stole the electric generator, and also raped Cham girls.[56] Cham Muslims in the Mekong Delta accept besides been economically marginalized and pushed into poverty past Vietnamese policies, with indigenous Vietnamese Kinh settling on majority Cham land with country support, and religious practices of minorities have been targeted for elimination by the Vietnamese government.[57]

The Vietnamese government fears that evidence of Champa'south influence over the disputed expanse in the Due south Cathay Sea would bring attention to human being rights violations and killings of ethnic minorities in Vietnam such as in the 2001 and 2004 uprisings, and atomic number 82 to the issue of Cham autonomy existence brought into the dispute, since the Vietnamese conquered the Hindu and Muslim Cham people in a war in 1832, and the Vietnamese go on to destroy evidence of Cham culture and artifacts left behind, plundering or building on summit of Cham temples, edifice farms over them, banning Cham religious practices, and omitting references to the destroyed Cham upper-case letter of Song Luy in the 1832 invasion in history books and tourist guides. The situation of Cham compared to ethnic Vietnamese is substandard, lacking water and electricity and living in houses fabricated out of mud.[58]

Judaism [edit]

The first Jews to visit Vietnam probable arrived following the French colonization of the state, in the latter half of the 19th century. There are a handful of references to Jewish settlement in Saigon sprinkled through the pages of the Jewish Chronicle in the 1860s and 1870s.

As late as 1939, the estimated combined population of the Jewish communities of Haiphong, Hanoi, Saigon and Tourane in French Indo-China numbered approximately 1,000 individuals.[59] In 1940 the anti-Semitic Vichy-France Constabulary on the status of Jews was implemented in French Indo-China (Vietnam), leading to increased restrictions and widespread discrimination confronting Jews. The anti-Jewish laws were repealed in January 1945.[lx]

Prior to the French evacuation of Indochina in 1954, the Jewish population in Indochina (which encompassed Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia) was reportedly 1,500; nigh of these Jews were said to accept left with the French, leaving behind no organized Jewish communal structure.[61] In 1971, about 12 French Jews nonetheless remained in South Vietnam, all in Saigon.[62] In 2005, the U.South. State Department'due south "International Religious Freedom Written report" noted "There were no reported anti-Semitic incidents during the catamenia covered by this study. The country'due south modest Jewish population is comprised almost entirely of expatriates."[forty]

Baháʼí Faith [edit]

Established in the 1950s, the Vietnamese Baháʼí community once claimed upward of 200,000 followers, mainly concentrated in the South.[63] The number of followers dwindled as a event of the banning of the practice of the Baháʼí Faith after the Vietnam War. Afterward years of negotiation, the Baháʼí Organized religion was registered nationally in 2007, once again receiving total recognition equally a religious customs.[63] In 2009 it was reported that the Baháʼí customs has about vii,000 followers and 73 assemblies.[64]

Religious freedom [edit]

The Constitution of the Socialist Democracy of Vietnam formally allows religious liberty,[65] even so, authorities restrictions remain on organized activities of many religious groups. The government maintains a prominent role overseeing officially recognized religions. Religious groups run across the greatest restrictions when they are perceived by the regime as a challenge to its rule or to the authority of the Communist party.[66] [ unreliable source? ] In 2007, Viet Nam News reported that Viet Nam has six religions recognised by the State (Buddhism, Catholicism, Protestantism, Islam, Cao Đài, and Hòa Hảo), merely that the Baháʼí Community of Viet Nam had been awarded a "certificate of operation" from the Authorities's Commission for Religious Diplomacy.[67] In 2007, the Committee for Religious Affairs was reported to have granted operation registration certificates to three new religions and a religious sect in addition to six existing religions.[67] Every citizen is declared free to follow no, one, or more than religions, exercise religion without violating the law, be treated equally regardless of religious belief, and to be protected from beingness violated in their religious freedom, but is prohibited from using religion to violate the law.[65]

In fact, there are some limitations in religious practice in Vietnam. Strange missionaries are not legally allowed to proselytize or perform religious activities. No other religions than the aforementioned eight are allowed. Preachers and religious associations are prohibited to use religion to propagate ideologies that are opposed to the government. Many Vietnamese preachers who fled for America and other countries say that they were suppressed past the Communist government for no, unreasonable or ethnic reasons; however, preachers and religious associations who bide by the law working in Vietnam today are aided and honored by the government.

The Vietnamese government has been criticized for its religious violations by the United States, the Vatican, and expatriate Vietnamese who oppose the Communist government. However, due to recent improvements in religious liberty, the Usa no longer considers Vietnam a Country of Particular Concern. The Vatican has too considered negotiations with Vietnam about liberty for Vietnamese Catholics, and was able to achieve a permanent agreement which would allow a permanent representative in the future to the country.

Despite some substantial attempts past the Vietnamese regime to improve its international prototype and ease restrictions on religious liberty, the cases of dissident religious leaders' persecution has not stopped in the recent years. The full general secretarial assistant of the Mennonite Church in Vietnam and religious liberty advocate Nguyen Hong Quang was arrested in 2004, and his business firm razed to the ground.[68] Christian Montagnards and their firm churches go along to endure from state control and restrictions.[69] In March, 2007, a fellow member of the main Hanoi congregation of the legally recognized Evangelical Church of Vietnam (Due north) Nguyen Van Dai was arrested for accusations relating to his defence of religious freedom, including disseminating declared "infractions" of religious freedom.[lxx] [ unreliable source? ] Nevertheless, during this flow of time, it is unknown whether the causes of their protests were more due to personal circumstances, like poverty, or if the authorities was really suppressing religious freedom, which is unlikely due to the diverseness and number of religious institutes immune to operate in Vietnam.[71]

Encounter also [edit]

  • Liberty of religion in Vietnam
  • Vietnamese philosophy
  • Taoism in Vietnam
  • Vietnamese folk faith
Organized religions
  • Baháʼí Faith in Vietnam
  • Buddhism in Vietnam
  • Hinduism in Vietnam
  • Islam in Vietnam
  • Judaism in Vietnam
  • Caodaism
  • Hoahaoism
  • Christianity in Vietnam
    • Cosmic Church in Vietnam
    • Orthodoxy in Vietnam
    • Protestantism in Vietnam

Notes [edit]

Footnotes [edit]

  1. ^ "If properly cached and worshipped, the dead would be happy to remain in their realm and act as benevolent spirits for their progeny. Simply those who died lone and neglected, and to whom no worship was given, disturbed the dead and preyed on the living." Hue-Tam Ho Tai (2008-08-20). "Religion in Vietnam: A World of Gods and Spirits". Asia Guild. p. 1. Retrieved 2010-06-11 .
  2. ^ "It is generally agreed that Dong Son drums were used for ceremonial purposes (east.thou. Higham 1996: 133), and information technology could exist argued that they were produced inside a item religious context, so we might talk nearly Dong Son religion, in the sense nosotros talk about the Buddhist organized religion, as a cultural product but one which we know little about specifically." Bowdler, Sandra (2006). Bacus, Elisabeth A.; Glover, Ian; Pigott, Vincent C. (eds.). "The Hoabinhian: Early Prove for SE Asian Trade Networks?". Uncovering Southeast Asia's By: Selected Papers from the 10th International Briefing of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists. National University of Singapore: 357.

Citations [edit]

  1. ^ a b c Vietnamese Government Committee for Religious Affairs (2018). Cited in the US Office of International Religious Freedom (2018). "Report on International Religious Freedom: Vietnam". US Section of State.
  2. ^ "The Global Religious Mural". The Pew Forum. Dec 2012.
  3. ^ Jan Dodd, Mark Lewis, Ron Emmons. The Rough Guide to Vietnam, Vol. four, 2003. p. 509: "After 1975, the Marxist-Leninist government of reunified Vietnam alleged the country atheism while theoretically allowing people the right to practice their religion under the constitution."
  4. ^ Philip Taylor (2004). Goddess on the Rise: Pilgrimage and Pop Religion in Vietnam.
  5. ^ "Vietnam". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 17 May 2010.
  6. ^ "Beliefs and religions". Embassy of Vietnam (USA). Archived from the original on 21 May 2010. Retrieved 17 May 2010.
  7. ^ Trần Quốc Anh (2015). "Giáo lý Tam Phụ và Đạo Hiếu"
  8. ^ "Among Wealthy Nations, U.S. Stands Lone In Its Embrace of Religion". Pew Global Attitudes Project. Pew Research Center. 2002-12-xix. Retrieved 2010-06-22 .
  9. ^ Full results of the 2009 Population and Housing Census of Vietnam, office #1.
  10. ^ Pew Inquiry Center
  11. ^ Vietnamese Government Committee for Religious Affairs (2014). Cited in the Un Office of the High Commissioner for Human being Rights. "Press Statement on the visit to the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam by the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief". Hanoi, Viet Nam 31 July 2014. Vietnamese.
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References [edit]

  • Modernity and Re-Enchantment: Religion in Post-Revolutionary Vietnam, edited by Philip Taylor, ISEAS, Singapore, 2007. ISBN 978-981-230-438-4; Lexington Books, Maryland, 2008, ISBN 978-0-7391-2739-ane.
  • Hoskins, Janet Alison. "What Are Vietnam's Indigenous Religions?". Center for Southeast Asian Studies Kyoto Academy.
  • Kiernan, Ben (2019). Việt Nam: A History from Earliest Fourth dimension to the Present. Oxford University Press.
  • Tran, Anh Q. (2017). Gods, Heroes, and Ancestors: An Interreligious Encounter in Eighteenth-Century Vietnam. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190677602.001.0001. ISBN9780190677602.
  • Dror, Olga, ed. (2002). Opusculum de Sectis apud Sinenses et Tunkinenses: A Modest Treatise on the Sects amongst the Chinese and Tonkinese. Cornell Academy Press. ISBN9780877277323.
Journal articles
  • Trần, Claire Thị Liên (2013). "Communist Country and Religious Policy in Vietnam: A Historical Perspective". Hague Journal on the Rule of Police force. 5 (2): 229–252. doi:ten.1017/S1876404512001133. S2CID 154978637.
  • Nguyen, Phi-Vân (2018). "A Secular State for a Religious Nation: The Republic of Vietnam and Religious Nationalism, 1946–1963". The Journal of Asian Studies. 77 (3): 741–771. doi:x.1017/S0021911818000505.
  • Roszko, Edyta (2021). "Controlled Religious Plurality: Possibilities for Covenantal Pluralism in Vietnam". The Review of Organized religion & International Affairs. 19 (3): 89–103. doi:ten.1080/15570274.2021.1954421.
  • Mai, Cuong T. (2021). "The Karma of Love: Buddhist Karmic Discourses in Confucian and Daoist Voices in Vietnamese Tales of the Marvelous and Uncanny". Periodical of Vietnamese Studies. xvi (three): ane–76. doi:10.1525/vs.2021.sixteen.3.1.
    • "A Really Keen Commodity on (Premodern) Vietnamese Religion". Review past Liam Kelley.

External links [edit]

Media related to Religion in Vietnam at Wikimedia Eatables

graigfroule.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam

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